When Fatima Kazimi dreamed of opening a clothing shop in central Afghanistan, she found there were few entrepreneurs to emulate and even fewer female business owners. So she went halfway around the world, to a 2 1/2-week management program in Arizona, for the business know-how she needed to set out on her own.

“It’s a society that doesn’t give opportunities for women to participate in a public life,” Ms. Kazimi said of Afghanistan. “The program gave me courage.”

Today, Ms. Kazimi, 34, is the only female store-owner at the Bamiyan bazaar, her hometown market.

The program is now primed to receive a big boost from Goldman Sachs after the investment banking giant announced Wednesday that it would spend $100 million over the next five years to provide business education to 10,000 women in developing countries.

The initiative would enhance existing programs such as the one offered at Thunderbird School of Global Management in Arizona, which will team up with the American University of Afghanistan to offer a six-month course in Kabul, as well as establish new programs. Goldman’s effort aims to improve local economies by giving women in Africa and the Middle East access to education they might otherwise not have. The program partners universities in America and Europe with business schools in developing countries. They will work together to offer courses lasting several weeks to several months. Most of the women will leave the program with certificates after taking courses in such topics as writing business plans, market research, accounting, e-commerce, and accessing capital. Some women will receive scholarships to earn MBAs.

“No country will ever achieve its full potential if half of its talent pool is stymied or underrepresented,” the chairman and chief executive of Goldman, Lloyd Blankfein, said while announcing the program at Columbia University, which is participating in the initiative. He said Goldman is a disciplined investor that tries to follow, as well as create, gross domestic product around the world. In doing so, he said, “there is no better, no more efficient investment … than the investment you’d make in women.”

Mr. Blankfein said in an interview that the initiative is a natural outgrowth of Goldman’s operations, including its investing activities in developing economies and recruiting at business schools abroad. The firm has also conducted research showing the potential of women to add to economic growth.

Mr. Blankfein said the program would also have a domestic component aimed at training American women living in environments with the “same characteristics” as the women abroad. He said he had a specific region of America in mind but declined to elaborate.