The Manhattan district attorney may have dropped murder charges against a beleaguered bodega employee, Jose Alba, but Mr. Alba’s plight might not be over, according to a Republican state senator.

Alvin Bragg’s office filed a motion to dismiss the second-degree murder charges to the Manhattan Criminal court on Tuesday morning.

“After investigation, the District Attorney’s Office has concluded that a homicide case against Alba could not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt,” the DA’s office said in the motion.

Mr. Alba, a 61-year-old bodega employee, claimed he was acting in self-defense when he allegedly stabbed 35-year-old Austin Simon to death. Simon allegedly crossed the store’s counter and cornered and shoved Mr. Alba after his girlfriend’s electronic benefits card was declined.

Mr. Alba was initially charged with second-degree murder, and his bail was set at $250,000 — half what the district attorney’s office initially recommended. He was held at Rikers Island for six days, until the district attorney lowered the bail package after a public outcry.

Upon release, Mr. Alba, a Dominican immigrant, was forced to surrender his passport and to remain within New York City and wear an electronic bracelet to monitor his whereabouts.

Mr. Alba’s case ignited debate about self-defense laws in New York State. His supporters, including fellow bodega employees and Republican politicians, called for strengthening New York’s self-defense laws after news of the case surfaced. The Republican gubernatorial candidate, Lee Zeldin, endorsed a “stand-your-ground” law, which some say would have protected Mr. Alba from jail time.

New York does not have such a law, which would protect the right to use deadly force in all cases of self-defense. The state’s self-defense law mandates a retreat if possible — known as the “duty to retreat” — before a distressed person can resort to deadly physical force.

The state law, however, does consider a limited number of instances in which deadly force may be justified. For example, if a retreat is not possible from a life-threatening individual, deadly force can be justified. Additionally, the penal code allows for deadly physical force if an individual “reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent” a kidnapping, rape, robbery, or burglary.

Mr. Alba claimed to have such a justification. His claim to self-defense, the district attorney’s office said, raised the burden of proof for the prosecution under state law.

“Under New York law, when a defendant has properly raised a defense of justification, the defendant is not required to prove at trial that he was justified,” the memo said. “Just the opposite, the People are required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not justified.”

Prosecutors initially reported that Mr. Simon was unarmed during the altercation. In Tuesday’s motion, however, they said he was carrying a boxcutter in his pocket, but said Mr. Alba was unaware of that fact.

The DA’s office said it would not have been able to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Alba was not justified in killing Mr. Simon. The memo considered both the possibilities that Mr. Alba reasonably believed he was acting in self-defense or preventing a burglary. 

The author of a stand-your-ground bill in New York’s upper legislative chamber, Senator George Borrello, said he supports Mr. Alba but is not ready to celebrate Tuesday’s dismissal of the murder charges.

“There are a lot of people right now that are looking for justice for Jose Alba that think it’s over, now that the charges have been dropped,” Mr. Borrello said. “But it’s unfortunate. It’s just the beginning of the nightmare for him.”

The dropped charges, Mr. Borrello said, have opened the doors for “a costly, and potentially financially devastating, civil case” against Mr. Alba. 

“I can guarantee your right now that there’s a long line of trial lawyers — like a line at Disney World — right now, that are lining up to bring a civil lawsuit against Jose Alba, against the owner of the bodega, and anyone else that they can think of,” Mr. Borrello said. 

“There is a very high threshold for criminal convictions,” he said. “The threshold for a civil lawsuit is merely a ‘preponderance of evidence’ and … most civil lawsuits are settled before they go to jury trial.”

These lawyers, he claimed, would take Simon’s family’s case on contingency, expecting “a multimillion-dollar settlement.”

Mr. Borrello believes that a stand-your-ground law could prevent such suits.

“With a stand-your-ground law, you would clearly not have even brought that initial charge against Jose Alba,” he said. 

Last week, these pages compared Mr. Alba’s case to that of the subway vigilante, Bernhard Goetz, who shot four teenagers attempting to mug him in 1984. Mr. Goetz was acquitted of all criminal charges except possession of a weapon, but he was ordered to pay $43 million to one of his victims in a civil lawsuit.