MOSCOW — A white supremacist from Texas lifted his black cowboy hat into the air as he stepped forward to address thousands of Russian nationalists at a rally yesterday in Moscow.

“I’m taking my hat off as a sign of respect for your strong identity in ethnicity, nation, and race,” Preston Wiginton, 43, said, exposing his close-cropped head to a freezing drizzle. “Glory to Russia,” he said in broken Russian, as the crowd of mostly young Russian men raised their right hands in a Nazi salute and chanted “white power!” in English.

About 5,000 nationalists turned out for the Russian March, held for the third year on National Unity Day, a holiday the Kremlin created in 2005 to replace the traditional November 7 celebration of the 1917 Bolshevik rise to power. The Kremlin has tried to give the holiday historical significance by tying it to the 1612 expulsion of Polish and Cossack troops who briefly seized Moscow at a time of political disarray.

But extreme nationalists have seized on the holiday, reflecting a rise in xenophobia. More than 50 people have been killed and 400 injured in ethnically motivated attacks this year, according to the Sova rights center.

Rights activists say the extreme nationalist sentiments are a natural outgrowth of the Kremlin’s attempts to rebuild a strong Russian state.

President Putin, who celebrated yesterday’s holiday by laying flowers at the monument to Moscow’s 17th-century liberators, told the military cadets and pro-Kremlin youth group members who accompanied him that there are people in the world seeking to split Russia and divide up its natural resource wealth.

“Some believe that we are too lucky to possess so much natural wealth, which they say must be divided,” Mr. Putin said, speaking near the monument on Red Square. “These people have lost their mind,” he added with a smile.

Pro-Kremlin youth groups and the liberal Yabloko Party also held rallies yesterday, in part to counter the nationalist march.

“This holiday is a gift for the most reactionary and dangerous group — the nationalists,” a Yabloko deputy chairman, Sergei Mitrokhin, told a crowd of about 1,500.

Thousands of pro-Kremlin youth activists marched through central Moscow and gathered near Red Square to sew together a “blanket of peace,” symbolizing harmony among Russia’s numerous ethnic groups. The nationalists, who were kept away from the city center, marched along an embankment of the Moscow River to a small square, waving banners that read “Russians, stand up,” “Russian order or war,” and “Tolerance is AIDS.” What united the marchers was their opposition to nonwhite migrants from the Caucasus and Central Asia.

Meanwhile in Italy, an opposition leader, Silvio Berlusconi, urged that country to close its borders to Romanian workers, and a conservative ally called yesterday for the expulsion of tens of thousands of immigrants amid public outrage over a wave of violent crimes blamed on foreigners.