WASHINGTON — The American economy expanded at a 2.9 percent annual pace between October and December, ending 2022 with momentum despite the pressure of high interest rates and widespread fears of a looming recession.

Thursday’s estimate from the Commerce Department showed that the nation’s gross domestic product — the broadest gauge of economic output — decelerated last quarter from the 3.2 percent annual growth rate it had posted in the prior quarter. 

Most economists think the economy will slow further in the current quarter and slide into at least a mild recession by midyear.

The economy got a boost last quarter from resilient consumer spending and the restocking of supplies by businesses. Federal government spending also helped lift GDP. 

Yet with higher mortgage rates undercutting residential real estate, investment in housing plummeted at a 27 percent annual rate for a second straight quarter.

For all of 2022, GDP expanded 2.1 percent after growing 5.9 percent in 2021.

The economy’s expected slowdown in the months ahead is an intended consequence of the Federal Reserve’s aggressive series of rate increases. 

The Fed’s hikes are meant to reduce growth, cool spending and crush the worst inflation bout in four decades. Last year, the Fed raised its benchmark rate seven times. It is set to do so again next week, though this time by a smaller amount.

The resilience of the American job market has been a major surprise. Last year, employers added 4.5 million jobs, second only to the 6.7 million that were added in 2021 in government records going back to 1940. And last month’s unemployment rate, 3.5 percent, matched a 53-year low.

The good times for America’s workers aren’t likely to last. As higher rates make borrowing and spending increasingly expensive across the economy, many consumers will spend less and employers will likely hire less.

“Recent data suggest that the pace of expansion could slow sharply in (the current quarter) as the effects of restrictive monetary policy take hold,” the chief U.S. economist at High Frequency Economics, Rubeela Farooqi, wrote in a research report. “From the Fed’s perspective, a desired slowdown in the economy will be welcome news.”

Consumer spending, which fuels about 70 percent of the entire economy, rose at a sturdy 2.1 percent annual rate from October through December, down slightly from 2.3 percent in the previous quarter.

More recent numbers, including a 1.1 percent drop in retail sales last month, indicate that consumers have begun to pull back.

“That suggests higher rates were starting to take a bigger toll and sets the stage for weaker growth in the first quarter of this year,’’ said the senior U.S. economist at Capital Economics, Andrew Hunter.

Economists at Bank of America expect growth to slow to a 1.5 percent annual rate in the January-March quarter and then to contract for the rest of the year — by a 0.5 percent rate in the second quarter, 2 percent in the third and 1.5 percent in the fourth.

The Fed has been responding to an inflation rate that remains stubbornly high even though it has been gradually easing. Year-over-year inflation was raging at a 9.1 percent rate in June, the highest level in more than 40 years. It has since cooled — to 6.5 percent in December — but is still far above the Fed’s 2 percent annual target.

“The U.S. economy isn’t falling off a cliff, but it is losing stamina and risks contracting early this year,” said the senior economist at BMO Capital Economics, Sal Guatieri. “That should limit the Fed to just two more small rate increases in coming months.”

One additional threat to the economy this year is rooted in politics: A failure to raise the federal debt ceiling would prevent the government from being able to pay all its obligations and could harm its credit.

Moody’s Analytics estimates that the resulting upheaval could wipe out nearly 6 million American jobs in a recession similar to the devastating one that was triggered by the 2007-2009 financial crisis.

At least the economy is likely beginning the year on firmer footing than it did at the start of 2022. Last year, the economy shrank at an annual pace of 1.6 percent from January through March and by a further 0.6 percent from April through June. Those two consecutive quarters of economic contraction raised fears that a recession might have begun.

On corporate earnings calls for the April-June quarter of 2022, nearly half of companies in the S&P 500 had cited a “recession” — the highest such proportion since 2010 — according to the data provider FactSet. 

Forecasters at Bank of America and Nomura had predicted that a recession would hit by the October-December quarter.

Yet the economy regained strength over the summer, propelled by resilient consumer spending and higher exports.

Associated Press