BEIJING — Half of Beijing’s drivers left their cars at home today and took public transportation instead on the first workday under new restrictions meant to clear this city’s notoriously polluted skies before next month’s Olympics.

Under a two-month plan that started yesterday, half of the capital’s 3.3 million cars will be removed from city streets on alternate days, depending on whether the license plate ends in an odd or even number.

Those caught driving on days they shouldn’t will be fined $14, a pricey penalty even for China’s capital. It wasn’t known how many tickets had been issued; phones rang unanswered all day at the Beijing police traffic management bureau.

Drivers with even-numbered plates were forced today to take public transportation, and the government estimated that that would mean an extra 4 million commuters.

To meet the demand, the city was trying to shorten the time between subway trains from three minutes to two. But that triggered some glitches today as officials tried out a new signal system, the official Xinhua News Agency said on its Web site.

Some stops were forced to close for a few minutes as trains arrived late and the number of passengers waiting on platforms swelled.

The Jianguomen stop — a major interchange for Line 1, which circles the heart of the city, and the east-west Line 2 — shut down for about 20 minutes because it was too crowded, said a woman who answered the telephone at the subway information hot line.

“There are many more people on the subway at this hour compared with before,” said Wang Kai as he stepped off an afternoon train. “However I support the restrictions because it means the air quality will improve.”

Still, in some areas, crowds remained surprisingly manageable, perhaps because employers have been asked to stagger work schedules, and public institutions opened an hour later than normal.

“It seems that the subway isn’t as busy as I expected. There are fans and air conditioning, so you don’t feel very hot,” said Chen Songde, who normally drives to work in Beijing.

Traffic still snaked along main thoroughfares and highways today, but it moved at a steady pace.

“Before we would be at a dead standstill,” a taxi driver, who would give only his surname, Zhang, said, as he steered around cars. “Now it’s better.”

It could be several days before the impact of the cleanup plan, which also includes cutbacks on construction and factory closures, is noticeable. The government has not made public a specific target for vehicle emission levels, one of the city’s biggest sources of pollution, or said how it will measure air quality.

Experts say the plan could still go wrong because unpredictable winds could blow pollution into Beijing from other provinces or the lack of wind — common in August — could enable local pollution to build up.

However, a spokesman for the Beijing Olympics organizing committee, Sun Weide, was optimistic.

“It can be easily felt that traffic is less heavy now and the number of vehicles on the road is clearly smaller,” Mr. Sun said. “The weather has been good since yesterday.”

Changes in air quality will be monitored by experts from the city’s environment protection bureau, which has 27 survey stations around Beijing and another 18 in Olympic venues, the state-run Beijing Times newspaper reported.

So far, “the air in the city is good, the density of pollutants has fallen,” the report said, citing the bureau.

But it will take at least 20 days for results to be conclusive, its deputy director, Du Shaozhong, was cited as saying.

Employers have also been asked to stagger work schedules and public institutions opened an hour later than normal to help ease gridlock.

Two new subway lines and an airport rail link were opened over the weekend, with the projected number of passengers on the three routes expected to reach 1.1 million daily during the Olympics.

In all, eight lines will transport up to 5 million people daily during the Olympics, the company that runs the Beijing subway said today.

Besides the traffic plan, chemical plants, power stations and foundries had to cut emissions by 30% beginning yesterday. Dusty, noisy construction in the capital was to stop entirely.

On many days, Beijing’s skyline can barely be seen because of a thick, gray-brown haze that hangs over the city.

Already, many competitors in the Aug. 8-24 games are choosing to train away from Beijing, and the International Olympic Committee president, Jacques Rogge, has said that outdoor endurance events lasting more than an hour will be postponed if air quality is poor.

The world’s greatest distance runner, Haile Gebrselassie of Ethiopia, has bowed out of the marathon event because the city’s pollution irritates his breathing.

Some 300,000 heavily polluting vehicles — aging industrial trucks, many of which operate only at night — were banned beginning July 1.

The government has also improved public transportation options for the estimated 4 million extra people who will be off the roads because of the traffic plan, the official Xinhua News Agency said.

The city plans to add up to 3,000 more buses by the time the games start, raising the daily capacity for passengers from 12.5 million to 15 million, Xinhua said.