NATO is returning to the scene of one of its most controversial decisions, intent on repeating its vow that Ukraine — now suffering through the 10th month of a war initiated by Russia — will one day join the world’s biggest military alliance.

Ukraine’s foreign minister, Dmytro Kuleba, on Tuesday will join NATO foreign ministers for a two-day meeting at the Palace of the Parliament at the Romanian capital, Bucharest. “For the first time, the meeting will be equally dedicated to Ukraine’s defense issues, namely new weapons, ammunition, military equipment, and to the country’s energy system,” Mr. Kuleba said in a statement.

There will be more than Ukraine on the agenda, however. According to NATO’s press service, the meeting will “address Russia’s illegal war, NATO’s support for Kyiv and other partners, ways to strengthen resilience, and the challenges posed by China.”

China has mostly been on the sidelines of the war in Ukraine, and its ruling Communist Party currently has multiplying crises with which to contend. Yet the country still poses a litany of geopolitical challenges for the West. 

It was at Bucharest in April 2008 that President George W. Bush persuaded his allies to open NATO’s door to Ukraine and Georgia, over vehement Russian objections. “NATO welcomes Ukraine’s and Georgia’s Euro-Atlantic aspirations for membership in NATO. We agreed today that these countries will become members of NATO,” the leaders said in a statement. President Putin, who was at the summit, described this as “a direct threat” to Russia’s security.

About four months later, Russian forces invaded Georgia.

Some analysts describe the decision in Bucharest as an error that left Russia feeling cornered by a seemingly ever-expanding NATO. NATO counters that it doesn’t pressgang countries into joining, and that some requested membership to seek protection from Russia — as Finland and Sweden are doing now.

More than 14 years on, NATO will pledge this week to support Ukraine long-term as it defends itself against Russian aerial, missile, and ground attacks — many of which have struck power grids and other civilian infrastructure, depriving millions of people of electricity and heating.

In a press conference Monday at Bucharest after a meeting with Romania’s president, Klaus Iohannis, the NATO secretary-general, Jens Stoltenberg, highlighted the importance of investing in defense “as we face our greatest security crisis in a generation.”

“We cannot let Putin win,” he said. “This would show authoritarian leaders around the world that they can achieve their goals by using military force — and make the world a more dangerous place for all of us. It is in our own security interests to support Ukraine.”

Mr. Stoltenberg noted Russia’s recent bombardment of Ukraine’s energy infrastructure, saying Mr. Putin “is trying to use winter as a weapon of war against Ukraine” and that “we need to be prepared for more attacks.”

North Macedonia and Montenegro have joined the U.S.-led alliance in recent years. With this, Mr. Stoltenberg said last week before traveling to Bucharest, “we have demonstrated that NATO’s door is open and that it is for NATO allies and aspirant countries to decide on membership. This is also the message to Ukraine.”

This gathering in Bucharest is likely to see NATO make fresh pledges of non-lethal support to Ukraine: fuel, electricity generators, medical supplies, winter equipment, and drone-jamming devices.

Individual allies are also likely to announce fresh supplies of military equipment for Ukraine — chiefly the air defense systems that Kyiv seeks to protect its skies. NATO as an organization will not offer such supplies, to avoid being dragged into a wider war with nuclear-armed Russia.

Yet the ministers, along with their Ukrainian counterpart, will also look further afield.

“Over the longer term we will help Ukraine transition from Soviet-era equipment to modern NATO standards, doctrine and training,” Mr. Stoltenberg said last week. This will not only improve Ukraine’s armed forces and help them to better integrate, it will also meet some of the conditions for membership.

That said, Ukraine will not join NATO anytime soon. With the Crimean Peninsula annexed, and Russian troops and pro-Moscow separatists holding parts of the south and east, it’s not clear what Ukraine’s borders would even look like. Many of the 30 allies believe the focus now must be uniquely on defeating Russia.

“What we have seen in the last months is that President Putin made a big strategic mistake,” Mr. Stoltenberg said. “He underestimated the strength of the Ukrainian people, the Ukrainian armed forces, and the Ukrainian political leadership.”

Even as economic pressure — high electricity and gas prices, plus inflation, all exacerbated by the war — mounts on many allies, Mr. Stoltenberg would not press Ukraine to enter into peace talks, and indeed NATO and European diplomats say that Mr. Putin does not appear willing to come to the table.

“The war will end at some stage at the negotiating table,” Mr. Stoltenberg said Monday. “But the outcome of those negotiations are totally dependent on the situation on the battlefield,” adding “it would be a tragedy for [the] Ukrainian people if President Putin wins.”

The foreign ministers of Bosnia, Georgia, and Moldova — three partners that NATO says are under increasing Russian pressure — will also be in Bucharest. Mr. Stoltenberg said NATO would “take further steps to help them protect their independence, and strengthen their ability to defend themselves.”