NATO’s Trillion-Dollar Paradox: Why Hitting Two Percent Means Less Than You Think

For the first time in the alliance’s 75-year history, all 32 NATO members are projected to meet the two percent defense spending threshold in 2025. The milestone represents a stunning reversal from just over a decade ago, when only three countries cleared that bar. Yet, before anyone breaks out the champagne in Brussels, there’s a sobering reality check: the goalposts have already moved, and most of Europe isn’t even close to where it needs to be.At the June summit in The Hague, NATO members agreed to a staggering new target of 5 percent of gross domestic product by 2035, with 3.5 percent earmarked specifically for core defense requirements, such as troops, weapons, and equipment. The remaining 1.5 percent would cover broader security investments, including infrastructure, cybersecurity, and resilience measures. NATO Secretary-General Mark Rutte called the summit “transformational” and credited President Trump with the outcome.The numbers tell a stark story about how far Europe still has to go. According to NATO data released in August, only three countries currently meet or exceed the new 3.5 percent core defense threshold: Poland at 4.48 percent, Lithuania at four percent, and Latvia at 3.73 percent. All three are frontline states that share borders with or are proximate to Russia and view the threat as existential rather than theoretical.With only Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia meeting the new threshold, can the rest of Europe close a gap that would require hundreds of billions in additional annual spending?The Commitment GapThe distance between pledge and performance becomes even more glaring when examining who’s barely scraping by on the old two percent target. Sixteen NATO members, precisely half the alliance, are hovering between two and 2.1 percent of GDP for 2025.“The 2035 timeline for five percent is overly ambitious and likely designed as political leverage rather than a realistic goal,” managing director of policy advisory firm Nestpoint Associates, John Thomas, tells the Sun. “Most European allies struggle with budgets strained by welfare states and domestic politics.”Among the countries just meeting the minimum, Germany committed to reaching 3.5 percent by 2029, six years ahead of schedule, yet that promise came only after intense diplomatic pressure. Belgium won’t hit two percent until this year despite being a founding NATO member.Spain, meanwhile, secured a controversial exemption from the five percent target entirely, with Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez insisting his country could meet all alliance commitments with just 2.1 percent spending.President Trump’s reaction to Spain’s position was characteristically blunt.“You’re the only country that is not paying. I don’t know what the problem is,” Mr. Trump said at The Hague summit. He later threatened that Spain would “pay twice as much” in future trade negotiations, stating, “We’re negotiating with Spain on a trade deal, and we’re going to make them pay twice as much — and I’m actually serious about that.”“This high bar, pushed by Trump, forces accountability and exposes chronic free-riding,” Mr. Thomas says. “This has more value to expose the freeloaders in NATO than it does functionally increasing their spending.”From Promise to HardwareThe challenge isn’t just about percentages on a budget spreadsheet. It’s about translating euros into actual military capability at a moment when the threat environment is deteriorating rapidly. European NATO countries and Canada are estimated to spend more than $607 billion on defense this year at current prices, up from $516 billion in 2024 and $419 billion in 2023. The total amount has doubled in six years.Defense analysts, however, caution that spending more doesn’t automatically mean spending smart. For decades, European militaries optimized for peacekeeping and limited expeditionary deployments, rather than for large-scale conventional warfare. The Ukraine conflict exposed how quickly European stockpiles of artillery shells and missiles could be depleted when supporting just one country’s war effort.“Europe still lacks critical high-end capabilities like long-range precision strike, integrated air missile defense, strategic airlift, heavy armor sustainment, and robust logistics for rapid deployment,” Mr. Thomas explains. “These are gaps that money alone can’t fix quickly due to industrial base limits, procurement delays, and over-reliance on the US for too long.”To counter a potential Russian invasion of a NATO member, the alliance would need to prioritize mechanized infantry battalions, American Patriot missile systems, and fifth-generation fighter squadrons. Mr. Thomas warns that “even if they hit five percent, it won’t close them fast enough without unified planning and transatlantic tech transfers.”Even if all countries hit the five percent threshold, experts question whether Europe could field sufficient forces for deterrence. President Volodymyr Zelensky has suggested that, without NATO membership, Ukraine would need a 1.5 million-strong army to serve as a credible deterrent against Russian aggression—highlighting the scale of military commitment required to deter Russian aggression.The American CalculationThe United States is estimated to spend 3.22 percent of its GDP on defense in 2025, down from 3.68 percent a decade ago. It’s the only NATO ally whose spending percentage has actually decreased since 2014, even as Washington continues to provide the backbone of the alliance’s military capability. In dollar terms, American defense spending dwarfs the rest of NATO combined, accounting for roughly 68 percent of the alliance’s total expenditure in 2023.This imbalance has been Trump’s central grievance with NATO since his first term, when he threatened to withdraw American troops from Germany over chronic low defense spending. His return to the White House has supercharged the debate.“Together, Allies have laid the foundations for a stronger, fairer, more lethal NATO,” Rutte stated at The Hague summit’s closing press conference.“Trump’s push is genuine burden-sharing to strengthen deterrence and end decades of European free-riding,” Mr. Thomas tells the Sun. “America shouldn’t carry 70 percent of NATO’s load while allies skimp.”The subtext of Mr. Trump’s demands extends beyond burden-sharing rhetoric. Some analysts detect an economic motive beneath the security argument. If European countries ramp up spending to 5 percent, Washington expects them to buy American weapons systems, not to develop independent European capabilities.Mr. Thomas acknowledges this dimension while defending the approach. “There are also the side benefits, and it’s smart leverage that channels spending toward U.S. systems, boosting American jobs and industry while making Europe more capable partners,” he says. “It’s win-win, pushing a stronger alliance, a fairer deal, and American economic strength.”Spain’s Dangerous PrecedentThe Spanish position reveals a deeper fault line. NATO has no legally binding requirement for specific defense spending levels. The two percent guideline adopted in 2014 after Russia annexed Crimea was always a political benchmark, not a treaty obligation. The five percent target follows the same soft-law trajectory. Spain can refuse without technically violating any international legal commitment, but it risks diplomatic isolation and American economic retaliation.Mr. Trump’s continued focus on Spain has only intensified since the summit. In October, speaking alongside Finnish President Alexander Stubb, Mr. Trump suggested, “Maybe you should throw them out of NATO, frankly.”Mr. Thomas frames the exemption bluntly: “It undermines the ‘all for one’ principle Trump is demanding. Trump’s America First agenda means no more U.S. taxpayers subsidizing allies who won’t pull their weight.”The Rearmament RealityYet Spain’s resistance reflects broader European reluctance to embrace the scale of transformation that Mr. Trump demands.More than a decade after NATO pledged to spend two percent, the alliance is finally hitting that target just as it becomes obsolete. The new five percent commitment would add more than one trillion dollars annually to NATO’s collective defense spending when fully implemented. But implementation remains more aspiration than a plan for most members.European governments face competing pressures: aging populations demanding robust social programs, post-pandemic debt burdens, and now American tariffs threatening to damage their economies. Raising defense budgets to 3.5 or five percent would require wrenching political choices about what gets cut to make room for tanks and missiles.Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia have made those choices, viewing Russian aggression as an imminent threat worth economic sacrifice. According to NATO intelligence assessments, Russia could be ready to attack NATO within the next three to seven years.Mr. Thomas acknowledges the challenges ahead but sees the pressure as necessary.“The problem is that spending targets are meaningless without real combat readiness and interoperability,” he says. “Regardless, the targets and pressure are a start.”The question for the rest of Europe is whether they’ll make those same hard choices before they’re forced to by circumstance rather than foresight. “Trump’s message is clear: American security guarantees are no longer automatic,” Mr. Thomas concludes, “and Europe’s window to prove it can defend itself is closing fast.”

NATO’s Trillion-Dollar Paradox: Why Hitting Two Percent Means Less Than You Think

More from the New York Sun

House Rejects Effort To Shield Trump’s Tariffs From Congressional Scrutiny, Teeing Up Vote To Kill President’s Import Taxes on Canada

Authorities Detain Man for Questioning in Nancy Guthrie Kidnapping

Stalemate Over ICE Funding Bogs Down in Senate as Democrats Press for Reforms Over White House Objections

More from the New York Sun

House Rejects Effort To Shield Trump’s Tariffs From Congressional Scrutiny, Teeing Up Vote To Kill President’s Import Taxes on Canada

Authorities Detain Man for Questioning in Nancy Guthrie Kidnapping

Stalemate Over ICE Funding Bogs Down in Senate as Democrats Press for Reforms Over White House Objections

Japan’s Hard-Line Prime Minister Takaichi Faces Crucial Test With Plan To Withdraw U.S. Marines from Okinawa

Texas Dad Shot His British Daughter After Argument About Donald Trump, UK Inquiry Hears

Will Netanyahu Convince Trump To End Tehran’s 47 Years of Terror?

Trump Admin Under Pressure To Oust Former Beauty Queen From Religious Liberty Panel After Heated Antisemitism Hearing

Moment of Truth Approaches for Trump’s Supreme Court Appeal of $5 Million ‘Sexual Abuse’ and ‘Defamation’ Verdict in E. Jean Carroll Case