ROME — The Italian premier, Mario Draghi, resigned Thursday after key coalition allies boycotted a confidence vote, signaling the likelihood of an early election that could propel the head of the conservative Brothers of Italy party, Giorgia Meloni, to become the country’s first female prime minister. 

The former European Central Bank chief tendered his resignation to President Sergio Mattarella during a morning meeting at the Quirinale Palace. Mr. Mattarella, who had rejected a similar resignation offer last week, “took note” this time around and asked Mr. Draghi’s government to remain on in a caretaker fashion, the president’s office said.

Mr. Draghi’s government of national unity imploded Wednesday after members of his uneasy coalition of right, left and populists rebuffed his appeal to band back together to finish the legislature’s natural term and ensure implementation of the European Union-funded pandemic recovery program.

Instead, the center-right parties of Forza Italia and the League and the populist 5-Star Movement boycotted a confidence vote in the Senate, in a clear sign they were done with Mr. Draghi’s 17-month government.

While the next steps were unclear, the outcome suggested Mr. Mattarella could dissolve Parliament after a period of consultations, paving the way for an early election as soon as late September or early October. The legislature’s five-year term had been due to expire in 2023.

Opinion polls have indicated neck-to-neck support for the center-left Democratic Party and the right-wing Brothers of Italy party, which had remained in the opposition to Draghi’s coalition.

The Brothers of Italy has long been allied with the center-right Forza Italia of the ex-premier, Silvio Berlusconi, and the League of Matteo Salvini, suggesting that a center-right alliance would likely prevail in any election and propel Brothers’ leader Giorgia Meloni to become Italy’s first female premier.

Ms. Meloni, who has been gunning for an early election since before the crisis erupted, was triumphant.

“The will of the people is expressed in one way: by voting. Let’s give hope and strength back to Italy,” she said.

“Thank you for all the work done together in this period,” Mr. Draghi told the lower Chamber of Deputies before he went to see Mr. Mattarella. Clearly moved by the applause, he repeated a quip that even central bank chiefs have hearts.

Italian newspapers on Thursday were united in their outrage at the outcome, given Italy is dealing with soaring inflation and energy costs, Russia’s war against Ukraine and outstanding reforms needed to clinch the remainder of the EU’s 200 billion euros in recovery funds.

“Shame,” headlined La Stampa on the front page. “Italy Betrayed,” said La Repubblica. “Farewell to Draghi’s Government,” said Corriere della Sera.

Mr. Mattarella had tapped Mr. Draghi — who was known as “Super Mario” during his tenure at Europe’s central bank for his “whatever it takes” rescue of the euro — to pull Italy out of the pandemic last year and lay the groundwork to make use of the EU’s recovery funds.

But the 5-Stars, the biggest vote-getter in the 2018 national election, had been chafing for months that their priorities of a basic income and minimum salary, among other things, were being ignored. Last week, the 5-Stars boycotted a confidence vote tied to a bill aimed at helping Italians endure the crisis, prompting Mr. Draghi to offer to resign a first time.

Mr. Mattarella rejected the offer then and asked Mr. Draghi to return to Parliament to brief lawmakers on the situation. He did that on Wednesday in appealing to party leaders to listen to the calls for unity from ordinary Italians who signed petitions asking him to stay on.

“You don’t have to give the answer to me. You have to give it to all Italians,” he told lawmakers.

Mr. Mattarella was due to meet with the presidents of the upper and lower chambers of Parliament later Thursday, his office said. Such consultations usually precede a public statement from Mr. Mattarella about his intentions.

Democrat leader Enrico Letta was enraged by the outcome, saying Parliament had betrayed Italy and urging Italians to respond at the polls. “Let Italians show at the ballot that they are smarter than their representatives,” he tweeted.